What Is a Compound-Assignment Operator

Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand. Compound-Assignment Operators in Java Java supports 11 compound-assignment operators:   Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the addition. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the subtraction. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the multiplication /  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the division. %  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the remainder of the division.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical AND. |  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical OR. ^  Ã‚  Ã‚  assigns the result of the logical XOR.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the signed left bit shift.   Ã‚  assigns the result of the signed right bit shift.   assigns the result of the unsigned right bit shift. Example Usage To assign the result of an addition operation to a variable using the standard syntax: //add 2 to the value of number number number 2; But use a compound-assignment operator to effect the same outcome with the simpler syntax: //add 2 to the value of number number 2;

Essay about Making Social Rights a Human Right - 1741 Words

This paper will discuss why social rights should be human rights. Poverty, capitalism, and government will be the motives used to explain why social rights should be considered human rights and be enforceable in a court of law. Although the costs of social rights would result in higher taxes, the benefits would far exceed the costs. It would greatly reduce the majority of poverty and crime as well as improve overall health within our society. Various aspects of social rights will be examined which include rights to food, health care, childcare, post-secondary education, housing and basic income. This paper will begin by examining poverty and the role social rights could play. This will be followed by examining capitalism and its effects on†¦show more content†¦If an affordable national childcare policy was implemented though out Canada, it would benefit all and help raise families out of poverty. This would be achieved by giving parents especially women the opportunity to re turn to school, work or upgrade education in order to find better paying employment(Raphael, 2007). Children living poverty who have access to childcare may have reduced health problems because of the nutrition offered at the childcare establishment. Lack of a national emergency food organization in Canada affects health negatively. When accessing food banks an address is needed, leaving those who live in absolute poverty without access to basic necessities. Food banks are useful for individuals who are receiving welfare benefits as it helps to provide families with additional food to help them through the month. One of the issues regarding social assistance is the lack of access to fresh produce, due to the fact that it is not affordable and therefore people on social assistance are forced to consume high carb diets resulting in the overall decline of health (Raphael, 2007). In addition to private donations if food banks were funded on provincial or federal level, perhaps the overall health of Canada would improve. According to Raphael (2007) people living in poverty have a greater chance of having a large variety of health problems than those who do not live in poverty. Canadians within theShow MoreRelatedThe Trials Of The Nuremberg1630 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of medical ethics and human rights specifically about human research subjects. The defendants in the trials include Nazi leadership, physicians, and investigators prosecuted for conducting unethical and inhumane medical experiments on civilians and prisoners of war resulting in extreme pain, suffering, permanent injury and often death. 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Anthropology of Tattoos Free Essays

string(59) " festive activities such as dance and sport participation\." Scarred across her back are raised bumps forming intricate designs of lines and angles, a reminder of who she is and where she is from. She thinks back on the ceremony in which she was marked with the painful scarification. She remembered feeling a sense of calm as the village artist pierced her back with a small arrowhead, stretching the skin away from the body and swiftly but skillfully cutting a slit in her back. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology of Tattoos or any similar topic only for you Order Now He repeated this several times as a ceremonial pot was filled with gathering soot from the burning fire. After the artist finished his tedious design, he rubbed soot from the pot bottom deep into the slits, planting the bacteria that would infect the skin, raising the scars into their meaningful design. She felt accomplished that she withstood the agonizing pain while other members of her clan could not. Her newly inherited body art signified the birth of her first son, and left her with a renewed sense of beauty. This is the way of life common to people indigenous to the motherland of Africa. Scarification, however, is not the only form of body art that is used. Body painting, tattooing, and branding are all similar forms of body art, which can be found in Africa and other cultures throughout the world. The word â€Å"tattoo† comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tattau†, which means â€Å"to mark†. Tattoos have evolved from being symbols of punishment that were given to identify criminals and slaves in the early ninth-century Chinese culture, into a pop-culture trend of using he skin as â€Å"a way of describing the exotic uncivilized other† within ourselves (Schildkrout 2004:324). For centuries, the body has been used as a â€Å"visible way of defining individual identity and cultural difference† (Schildkrout 2004:319). This cultural difference becomes apparent when studying the evolution of body art over time, especially when focusing on the differences between the Western and Non-Western cultures. People have been adorning their body with tattoos and piercing for centuries, but until recently, the thought of tattoos in ancient Egypt had been pushed aside. It has now been discovered that, without a doubt, tattoos did exist in that time period. Although miniscule, a group of enormously important tattooed mummies serve to help prove this point (Bianchi 1988:21). The first mummy to be discovered was one f a woman named Amunet, whose mummy was found in an excellent state of preservation, â€Å"most likely due to the fact that she served as a priestess of the goddess Harthor at Thebes during Dynasty XI†(Bianchi 1988:22). The tattoos on her body were comprised of a pattern of dots and dashes in an elliptical shape on her lower abdomen. The thighs and arms adorned the identical parallel lines of the aforementioned pattern. Two more women mummies, who were discovered and believed to be from the same time period, also had similar tattoos on their lower abdomen (Bianchi 1988:22). This group of woman represents an exclusive group of Egyptians who received tattoos in that time period, because there is no other evidence that shows tattoos to be a part of the Egyptian culture until the time of the Middle Kingdom. These abstract patterns associated with ritualistic tattooing survived into the New Kingdom. The Egyptians, more then likely, borrowed a form of tattooing from the Nubian civilization. Unlike the Nubians, whose purpose for tattooing is unknown, â€Å"the Egyptians appear to have regarded the tattoo as one of several vehicles by which the procreative powers of the deceased could be revived† (Bianchi 1988:27). Substantiation proposes that only women were associated with the decorating of their bodies and the ritualistic activities that went along with it. The art of tattooing began with the grouping of bluish or black dots and/or dashes forming abstract geometric patterns; that system of body art lasted for over two thousand years in ancient Egypt. Just like other ideas and goods, the idea of tattooing began to travel to several different societies, and has evolved into extremely different forms of art all over the world. In northeastern Zambia, the Tabwa â€Å"once covered themselves from head to foot with scarification† (Roberts 1988:41). The women of the Tabwa began receiving elaborate marks on their face, chest, and backs when they were young girls; it sometimes was continued at other points in a woman’s life (Roberts 1988:43) such as courting rituals and for woman wishing to bear a child. Male sculptors would trace designs and make incisions on the lesser intimate parts of the body; they left the rest for the women to do. ‘Tabwa women used razors to slit skin [that had been] plucked up with a fishhook or arrowhead. These incisions were then rubbed with soot from a pot bottom, an irritant that produced the desired raised cicatrices† (Roberts 1988:44). There were several reasons that this tradition was done, different to every age and gender in the tribe. Young women went through this process in order to achieve a state of perfection, which was required for those wanting to marry and have children (Roberts 1988:45). Scarification is a form of body art that was used in several tribes because according to their customs â€Å"beauty is not physically innate, but rather a function of the girl’s inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:45). Not only the Tabwa, scarification was used in such tribes as the Ga’anda and the Tiv; all the tribes have distinctly different purposes for doing this, but the process and effect of the body are the same. Another form of body art is body painting, which the people of the Southeast Nuba begin at a young age; but the meanings, and time frame from when they begin decorating the body are very different between males and females. The males paint themselves from the ages of 12 to 27 (Faris 1988:31). Typically, they only paint during the down time after the harvest season and before the next years planting begins. This is the time that the males are less involved in mandatory and productive activities; they spend their supplementary time with festive activities such as dance and sport participation. You read "Anthropology of Tattoos" in category "Essay examples" The restrictions placed on the men by their age, most importantly deal with the color that they use on their body—for example â€Å" only the older age groups are eligible to use the greatest elaboration in color, including the deep black and yellow [colors, that are] prohibited to younger grades†(Faris 1988:32). The change in elaboration allowed on the body does not coincide with any physiological changes, rather, it corresponds with changes â€Å"in productive status or sport† (Faris 1988:32). As they move up in grades from young laborers that answer to the elders, to mature men that own their own property, farm and family, their elaborate painting ability increases. The elders though, do not decorate their bodies; rather, they delegate and lead rituals for the younger men and enforce the rules of allowed color use. Therefore, the male body painting shows their progression thru ones life stages. The women of Southeast Nuba, â€Å"from the age of six years, until consummation of marriage, oil and ochre [their bodies] daily, in colors [that are] appropriate to their patri-clan section† (Faris 1988:34). After childbirth, they may continue to wear some oil and ochre on their shoulders. The personal body art of women is strictly related to the physiological changes that occur as a women goes through life, and are fixed around body scarification as a way of showing her changes. A woman’s scarification is so important, that â€Å"if a husband refuses to pay for a scarring specialist, a woman may seek a lover who will do so, and her first marriage will end† (Faris 1988:35). Unlike the males elaborate body art, a woman’s body art is simple, but it accumulates over her life-span and is very standardized, while a male’s body art is constantly changing. Body painting, tattooing and scarification thus far had been tools used by individuals to beautify their body and elevate their status within their tribe; this is not the case with all societies. In several other cultures, tattoos have been used in a form of branding, which is quite the opposite. Though tattooing and branding are â€Å"similar in that both involve the insertion of pigments under the skin to create permanent marks†, branding is implemented in order to lower an individuals status, to punish for crimes committed, to identify slaves, but most importantly, to eliminate personal identity (Schildkrout 2004:323). â€Å"The immutable alteration of human skin by branding needs to be considered in relation to, but ought not be confused with, tattooing† (Bianchi 1988:27). Two recent studies originating in South Africa elaborate on this subject, reporting on the political influence of tattooing â€Å"as a means of social control† (Schildkrout 2004:330). They site examples from Zambia in which a medical practitioner travels around to villages â€Å"in which witch craft accusations have been common†¦to inoculate people against people against witch craft† (Schildkrout 2004:331). The villagers would â€Å"submit to bodily inspections†, they were then treated â€Å"by getting numbers tattooed on their arms† (Schildkrout 2004:331). This is disturbingly reminiscent of Nazi concentration camps when an unfathomable number of Jewish people lost their personal identities and became known as only a number in the system to be disposed of. This â€Å"symbolic denial of personhood† served as a system â€Å"of control and surveillance† (Schildkrout 2004:323). This system of control was also imposed by â€Å"authoritarian regimes† in Southeast Asia (Schildkrout 2004:323). The Zhou and Ming Dynasties branded criminals as a form of punishment with â€Å"extensive, often full-body tattoos, with elaborate pictorial imagery as well as written inscriptions† (Schildkrout 2004:324) portraying their crime. This form of tattooing is definitely contrary to traditional methods. Similarly in Brazil, branding was used to mark convicts by the penal authorities. Penal tattoos derived their power from subjugation of the marked convicts. The humiliation of being visibly branded was a significant component of the convict’s punishment. In an act of resistance, those that had been branded â€Å"were known to reclaim their bodies by writing over the inscriptions or by displaying them in new social situations† (Schildkrout 2004:324). The branded, therefore, became the empowered, restoring the function of the tattoo to being personally-motivated. This personal motivation is perhaps most notable in Western cultures, specifically North America. In America, the Native Americans used body painting in many ways, usually connected with ethnic identity, social roles or marital status (Rubin 1988:179). The Natives also used the body as a canvas in ritualistic ceremonies, on warriors going into battle and for the beautification of their women. When the Europeans discovered America, they brought with them slaves from Africa and they introduced branding of the slaves into the American culture. After the civil war, when the slaves had been freed, branding was still embedded in American culture through groups of people including gang members and convicts. Though â€Å"branding is often associated with involuntary marking and the denial of personhood†, it has also â€Å"been adopted in contemporary Western body culture as an assertion of group identity, for example in college fraternities† (Schildkrout 2004:323). Tattoos were also prevalent in other parts of America, including Alaska. Among the Eskimos â€Å"[t]he function of these art forms [was] – essentially manifesting one’s place or role within the hierarchy of hunting life† (Gritton 1988:190). With the introduction and adaptation of the western civilization in Alaskan culture, â€Å"the marks of a hunter or hunter’s wife served no purpose in their new lives and were understandably abandoned† (Gritton 1988:190). The function of body art and tattooing has been Americanized, evolving from its native origins to incorporate self expression. This self expression has mushroomed from a manor of identifying oneself to a way of gaining attention through shock value. Though ever-changing, all forms of body art mentioned play enormous roles in the lives of people. Certain non-Western cultures are based around the ability to use skin as a visible way of defining status or bettering their self-image, in order to attract companions. So the artists who are allowed to perform the act of adorning bodies with different designs are regarded as having a very important place in the society. They are â€Å"scarring specialist† (Faris 1988:35), â€Å"body artists† (Drewal 1988:84), but most importantly, they are known as â€Å"[the] one-who-creates- art† (Drewal 1988:84). In the non-Native American culture, however, the general attitude towards tattoo artist in present-day American culture is less than appreciative. Extreme critics even characterize tattooist as opportunist, exclusively seeking monetary gain (Sanders 1988:229). â€Å"The tattooist interest in artistry and control is often in conflict with his profit orientation†, revealing the major flaw within the American society (Sanders 1988:229). This is the major difference in western and non-western cultures. Body tattoos in western society are an object to be purchased. Americans obtain tattoos in the same manner that they acquire a new Louis Vuitton handbag. They purchase them as accessories, which is in stark contrast to the non-western cultures, who acquire tattoos as an essential ritual in their society. With this is mind, the process in which American’s purchases body art seems slightly ridiculous. Tattoo artists often complain of the unwillingness of customers to spend the quoted amount of money for â€Å"a tattoo [they] are going to wear for the rest of [their] life† (Sanders 1988:229). It is more acceptable in American culture to invest in short term materialistic purchases, therefore the legitimate tattoo artists are constantly being monitored and regimented under strict laws imposed by the government. Despite the absurdity of the purchasing process, the reasoning that propels the American society to obtain tattoos is just as flawed. Some reasons people give to explain permanently marking their skin include, â€Å"they were drunk, it’s a macho thing, to fit in with a crowd or even worse, for no reason at all† (DeMello 1995:42). Western society seems to have a complete disregard for the spiritual origins of body art. Tattoo artist are even witness to clients’ apathy, avoiding â€Å"working on people who are obviously under the influence of alcohol† (Sanders 1988:225). Where once there was a ceremonious celebration deeply rooted in spiritualism, in American society the only ritualistic ceremony is the receiving of a piece of paper on how to care for the recently acquired body art. This apathetic attitude of Americans is perhaps derived from the renouncing majority of the population. This bias stems from â€Å"very early ‘regulations’ [including] Moses’ remarks in Leviticus 19:28 forbidding any cuttings in the flesh or the printing of any marks† (Armstrong 2005:39). Since tattoos â€Å"were not sanctioned by the church† the profile for the tattooed archetype became unconventional (Schildkrout 2004:325). Christian belief has been adapted to the masses, forcing those who are tattooed into rebellion. The majority of people adopting body art include â€Å"bikers, convicts, and other ‘low lives’† (DeMello 1995:40). In Western society â€Å"the idea that the unmarked body as a sign of God’s work was linked to the Protestant reformation† and â€Å"the idea that body markings were a sign of savagery goes back even earlier† ( Schildkrout 2004:324). This is ironic considering tattoos in earlier cultures signified positions of high status. Perhaps the only entity that ties these drastic cultures together is the desire to increase their inherited beauty. â€Å"If the body is – metaphorically – a site of inscription to various degrees for various theorist, then cosmetic surgery can be seen, at one level, as an example of the literal and explicit enactment of this process of inscription† ( Schildkrout 2004:320), which is also seen in the aforementioned tribes with the rituals of scarification. DeMello also agrees that along with tattooing and piericing, that cosmetic surgery is seen as a form of â€Å"body modification† (DeMello 1995:37). â€Å"Not only does the tattooed skin negotiate between the individual and society and between different social groups, but also mediates relations between persons and spirits, the human and the divine† (Schildkrout 2004:321). Body art is a tradition that extends throughout the barriers of the world and although the forms in which they are found may be different, the idea of using your body as a canvas is universal. Although recently, several anthropologists agreed and have begun to examine body art more closely, looking at it â€Å"as a microcosm of society† (Schildkrout 2004:328), Roberts still believes that â€Å"there can be no ultimate explanation of symbolism† (Roberts 1988:51). He claims that â€Å"the blazes on trees in the Ndembu forest will remain many years after their purpose and meaning are forgotten. So it is with other inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:51). This is exemplified in the woman who endured the agonizing pain of her scarification to instigate a new chapter in her life. Nevertheless, soon after her body is placed into the ground, her skin will no longer be a visible indication of who she once was. She will become a memory and her body will no longer be used as a canvas. How to cite Anthropology of Tattoos, Essay examples

Hais Psychiatric Treatment Procedure

Question: Write about theHais Psychiatric Treatment Procedure. Answer: Hai a 20-year-old male patient who was brought to the emergency Department of Brisbane hospital. Hai was brought to the hospital by the paramedics after a bystander saw Hai jumping out from a first-floor buildings balcony. He sustained some injuries in his arm where the doctors ruled out that his arm was broken. Hai remained quiet after his admission and the doctors were not sure where triggered the incident. A nurse who works in the emergency department Mark Traves was able to make Hai talk about himself. Hai lived alone as he was a student in Brisbane university. Hai has a big brother who also studies in Brisbane but his parent lived up north in Queensland. Mark had a connection with the patient and he was able to make him open up. Hai told the nurse that there were intruders in the house so he needed to jump to escape. After this Hai did not say more which left Mark with so many unanswered questions. This made the nurse curious as he went to check for Hais records relating to his admission (Husted, 2008). The paramedic indicated that they did not find any intruder in the house and this left so many questions unanswered. Mark went on and checked Hai background and history in the hospital's records. Mark found out that he was a psychiatric patient at the same hospital. Mark spoke to his psychiatrist who told him that mark experience psychiatric episodes which make him delusional at times (Swain, 2009). The doctor told Mark that Hai had gone through a diagnosis in the hospital and the doctors ruled out that Hai was not a threat to himself or others.Dr chin, Marks colleague run some test which indicated that Hai experienced a psychotic episode which made him delusional. As the doctor run up the test Hai told Dr Chin to hurry up as the intruders were on their way. Dr Chin advised Mark the nurse to first treat the mental illness so that he can the physical injuries can be treated. Mark consulted the patients as required by the mental health Act 200 that the patients should be informed of an y procedure before it is executed (Cavusgil, 2014). Mark told Hai that he was experiencing some hallucinations and the intruder did not exist. Hai denied the claim saying he has never experienced any hallucinations in his life. He further told Mark that he did not want any psychotic medication and he insisted on being discharged from the hospital. He told the nurse that he would take care of himself since he had the medical training of which he never did. According to the mental health act, if the patient is involuntary about the treatment and he is admitted to the authored mental health the patients automatically becomes a voluntary patient who can be detained at the authorised hospital for up to 24 hours. The hours could be extended up to 72 hours if the doctor finds out that the patient is not fit to be discharged. The time is calculated from the time the patient was admitted to the hospital. Hai older brother also came to the hospital and he gave the doctor the go ahead to treat his brother. A family member also gave the doctor th e go ahead to treat Hai (Galliers, 2012). Mark before initializing the psychiatric treatment of Hai he should consider the ethics issues as a nurse treating a mental patient without his consent. The ethical issue is there to guide and direct the medical practitioner in the hospital. Some of the ethical issue that registered nurses should follow include maintaining the commitment to the client choices, consulting other medical practitioner in medical cases, advocating for safe and competent nursing care in the hospital, engaging in the development of practice standards ,issue statement and position papers on professional issue, working with colleagues to identify crucial ethical issue for professions, encouraging and facilitating cooperation and collaborations between professional and between agencies to effect improvement within the health care. Mark should consider the choices of the patients before proceeding with any medical procedure. Hai had denied any medical care and he even insisted on leaving the hospital. Brisbane is Hai hospital where Hai was a psychiatric patient undergoing the medical care in the hospital before the doctors ruled him out that he was not a threat to his life or other people. Since he was undergoing the treatment in the hospital, the hospital becomes his authorised hospital. In this case, the hospital has the right to admit the patients for 24 hours to treat him and if he is not stable by 24 hours the hospital has the right to extend up to 72 hours. The doctor had the consent of Hais older brother who wanted Hail to recover. Following the law on mental health act, 2000 (Gastaldon, 2007), Hai decision was overruled in this case. Mark has to consult with other medical practitioners to ensure he is following the ethical rules of the hospital. Mark has to follow the practice standards, position papers and the issue statement on professional issues like in this case. Mark has to involve doctor who treated him in the psychiatric session since he understands the case better. The ou tcomes of the patient had to be shared with his brother and other close family members (Stanhope, 2016). In the hospital, the nurse and doctors have to follow and obey the ethical and legal decision-making process before treating any patients especially the patients with the special needs. The ethics help the medical practitioner in difficult cases and situation. The ethics and the legal system also help in resolving the health care conflicts which arise from the patients neglecting medication and medical care, the hospital settings, long-term care of the patient and the environment of the hospital. The main aim of the ethics system is to help in decision making when there is a disagreement between the values of the patients, medical practitioners and the family of the patients. The ethics help the nurses to choose the best values and decision in that environment. In this case, Hais health was at risk due to the injuries incurred from jumping from the balcony and the mental health problem of hallucinations.Mark was in a difficult place since the patient Hai declined to talk and refused any treatment. He also demanded to go home immediately. Mark as a nurse is trained to calm such patients who decline medical care when they are sick. In this case, it was more severe since the patients had a mental health issue. Mark had to make a decision on what to do to the patients who refuse medical care (Staunton Chiarella, 2016). According to the ethical and legal rules of any hospital is to value the important things first which in this case was to treat Hais mental illness so that he could calm down and let the doctors treat the broken ribs. The importance of the ethical decision-making framework is to identify the value and situation that would be best considering the ethical implication. Hai had to be treated immediately since it is the best decision here that would benefit everyone in involved. Mark has to come up with an efficient method for making a difficult decision (Silva, 2008). The method involves consulting with other doctor and especially the psychiatric that treated Hai. The information gathered from consulting would enable the doctor to make a clear decision on what to do. Mark should discuss the consideration with the patient, family and other medical practitioners involved (Freckelton Petersen, 2006). Mark had to work with the best acceptable solution and decision agreed upon by the family and other staff members involved.Mark had also to work with a decision that represents the patients wishes balanced against ethical considerations such as professional standards, policies and best interest. The policies he had to consider was the Mental Health Act 2000 which allowed the patients to make his decision if he was not previously admitted to the hospital In (Robichaux, 2017). In this case, he would consider letting Hai walk out of the hospital without proper medication. This would be against his professional standards. Mark had the support of the patients family member hence he had the obligation of following his professional standard and advice given by other members involved in the case. Mark had to treat Hais condition since his judgment could have been affected by the mental health.Mark had to consider what would happen if he let Hai walk out of the hospital sick. He would end up getting more injuries or probably harming other people out there. Brisbane was Hais referral hospital since he was receiving psychiatric treatment in the hospital. This was another reason why Mark had to keep Hai in the hospital for treatment since according to the mental health Act 2000 indicates that if the patient was previously admitted or receiving treatment in the hospital the hospital had the right to hold him for a 24 hours or more according to his condition. Mark end ed up admitting Hai to the hospital for treatment (Husted, 2008). References Husted, J. H., Husted, G. L. (2008). Ethical decision making in nursing and health care: The Sym phonological approach. New York: Springer Pub. Co. In Robichaux, C. (2017). Ethical competence in nursing practice: Competencies, skills, decision-making. Ivanov, L. L., Blue, C. L. (2008). Public health nursing: Leadership, policy, practice. Australia: Delmar Cengage Delmar. Silva, M. C. (2008). Ethical decision making in nursing administration. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton Lange. In Stanhope, M., In Lancaster, J. (2016). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community. Stanhope, M., Lancaster, J. (2014). Foundations of nursing in the community: Community-oriented practice. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2013.Health Information: challenges in managing information systems. Routledge. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International Health. Pearson Australia. Swain, P. A., Rice, S. (2009). In the shadow of the law: The legal context of social work practice. Annandale, N.S.W: The Federation Press. Gastaldon, R., Queensland Parliamentary Library. Research Publications and Resources Section. (2007). implementing further recommendations of the review of the Mental Health Act 2000 (Qld): The Mental Health and other Legislation Amendment Bill 2007 (Qld). Brisbane: Queensland Parliamentary Library. Staunton, P. J., Chiarella, M. (2016). Law for nurses and midwives. Freckelton, I. R., Petersen, K. A. (2006). Disputes and dilemmas in health law. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press.

We live in a world of armed conflict. Explain what differing Christian attitudes to armed conflict might be Essay Example

We live in a world of armed conflict. Explain what differing Christian attitudes to armed conflict might be Essay There have been more than 127 wars since 1945. In some areas of todays world, there is nothing but violence. The majority of the news on television is based on the events in Afghanistan and we will never forget the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D.C. on the 11th of September 2001. Justice has to be sought and then peace and respect will come about. Every Christian should want peace and justice but many of these have different opinions and methods in how to achieve this.Christianity was founded on peace, emerging from its ethic of love. Jesus said to his apostles Peace be with you and we must put his words into action. This peace must guide the destiny of humanity, if we do not find peace; destruction and evil will continue to spread. Pope Paul VI said, Never again war! Peace must guide the destiny of the peoples and of all humanity. The Gaudium et Spes issued by the Second Vatican Council in 1965 states, There will never be a truly human world for everyone until all dev ote themselves to peace. The Catholic Church also teaches that because war is a matter of human freedom, it is a moral question; there are circumstances in which war can be justified, just as there are circumstances in which war cannot be justified. The decision about the justification of war is based on the basic principles of human dignity and respect for human life.These, taken together, offer the basis for what is known as the Just War teaching. Traditional Christian teaching presents these criteria for determining that entering a war is moral. Other criteria must be observed if carrying on the war is moral. What we do in the course of the war must be proportionate to the rights we are trying to defend. This is the Just War Theory. This was an attempt developed by St. Augustine to articulate the right to self-defence and its aim was to limit the occasions of war and the effects of war once it started. Augustine distinguished between private morality, turning the other cheek, and social morality, protecting the common good. There are a number of principles effecting the decision to go to war; the Jus Ad Bellum. This is for the war to be a just cause and to confront a real and certain danger and not for gain or revenge. This means that the war must be for a just cause, not for greed, revenge or power. Our motivation at all times must be love. Those with responsibility for the public and authority must also declare the war.The war cannot be declared by private groups or individuals and the proper authorities must affirm it. During the conflict, the right intention must be acknowledged and this is the pursuit of peace and reconciliation, including avoiding unnecessarily destructive acts or imposing unconditional surrender. For war to be justified, all peaceful alternatives must have been exhausted these include politics and sanctions. The probability of success must also be considered and this should prevent any irrational resort to force. However, even when y ou consider the doctrine of The Just War we have to consider the consequences of war, some may be good, other will be bad. The good would be that the just cause will occur but the bad would more destruction, increased insecurity and a great death toll. St. Augustine said All war, even a just war, is the result of sin, so even if the is some good achieved, there will always be sin. Augustine highlights the seriousness of war and even taking one life is serious.In 1992, the United Kingdom spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23.5 billion on defence compared to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7.9 billion on education. Many Christians question the basis for these decisions when our aim is ultimately to achieve peace and justice. More money is spent on military weapons than on educating the future leaders of the world. According to Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½caire in their report on November 2001, $800 billion was spent in the year 2000 on the arms industry, while $9 billion could eliminate starvation and malnutrition. Many Christians fin d this shocking as the amount of money that could eliminate starvation and malnutrition was spent 90 times over on the arms industry. In the creation stories, we are told that all life is good and sacred; man is made in the image of God.So, if we kill others, we will be punished. It is written in Genesis 9:5-6 If anyone takes human life he will be punished. Man was made like God he will be punished. Man was made like God, so whoever murders a man will himself be killed by his fellow man. This is like Jesus teaching, is attitude is one of non-violence, he does not advocate violent protests against injustice, at Jesus arrest he says, Put your sword back. Those who take up the sword will die by the sword. So, if you wage war and become a murderer, you will in turn experience what you are doing and you will be killed. True justice cannot be achieved in this way. Not everything that is done in the pursuit of justice is automatically moral. To inflict injustice in order to defend justice is irrational.This is the view of pacifists. Pacifists today say violence is never acceptable, they say it breaks the fifth commandment, Thou shall not kill. It is totally against the Christian idea of love. Love thy neighbour as thy self, and also love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you. (Luke 6:27-36, Matt 5:43-48). The Quakers are people who take the biblical ethic of love literally and, they do not take up arms against anyone. In 1660, a declaration given by the Quakers to King Charles II read, We utterly deny all outward wars and strife, and fightings with outward weapons, for any end, or under any pretence whatever; this is our testimony to the whole world. This is what the pacifists believe and this is their declaration to what they consider to be right. Pacifists follow Jesus example and they believe that violence cannot be solved by violence. He says, if someone slaps you on the right cheek, let him slap you on the left cheek as well, dont make sin worse by r epeating the offence and do not retaliate. These Christians think that war in itself is a wrong action, it is unchristian and we should never resort to violence. Martin Luther King was a pacifist and his attitude to achieving justice was that you do not need to use violent means to achieve justice. He said, I now believe that the destructiveness of modern weapons totally rules out the possibility of war ever again achieving a negative good.War has always been a feature in religious history and many Christians have justified wars by claiming it is the will of God. A crusade is a Holy War. The crusades were a series of wars undertaken by Christians in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries. They mainly centred on the Holy Land of Palestine. Most Christians today deeply regret these wars in the name of Christ as they regret their treatment of the Jews and Muslims at this time. There are four beliefs behind these crusades, the reason for the war is a holy one, God will guide and lead the armies, the crusades are on Gods side: the enemies are against God, and finally, the war must be carried on to the bitter end. All the crusades think that God was on their side and the Jews were expecting a Holy War when they were expecting a Military Messiah. However, they did not get this fighting leader; instead they got a peaceful and loving leader who did not resort to violence. Jesus rejected violence and he taught that we should love our neighbour. He said that God loves everyone, he does not hate the enemies and he taught us to love our enemies.Some Christians think that war is acceptable because it is our duty to defend the innocent and the most vulnerable. On many occasions Jesus defends the vulnerable because of their faith in God. He cured the woman with a haemorrhage, Jairus daughter, the man with the withered hand and the epileptic boy because of their faith. Jesus also healed these because they were all innocent and Jesus felt compassion and sympathy for the m. These Christians who think that it is our duty to defend the innocent believe that if the innocent and vulnerable are killed or hurt in war that justice should be sought and sometimes these Christians think that the only way that justice can come about is to go into war. They choose this as the lesser of two evils. They believe that every person has a right to self-defence. These Christians also think that leaders like Hitler should be brought to justice and they feel that they should intervene when there are acts of injustice. Bonhoeffer was one of these Christians.Many Christians think that the aftermath of war is never justified, the peace obtained after war is not true peace. People will be weary of one another; there will not be any trust, as the old enemies will be living together. Fear and hatred will rule and evil will continue to spread. There is mass devastation and destruction and it is not necessarily a real victory. The environment is ruined and peoples culture and b ackgrounds are destroyed. War can do much more harm than good; in fact it may bring more evil than it does good. However good can be achieved through war. Evil dictators like Hitler can be overpowered and defeated through war, not through killing him but by making him concede the war. So, the aftermath of war has its good and bad points.Saint James says that there should never be a war, and we can avoid armed conflict by looking at the causes of war. He thinks that if the causes are rooted out then there will never be any wars. This is an extremely valuable teaching for all. The causes of war must be rooted out. These include injustice (especially when the poor are exploited by the rich and the powerful), the desire for power, contempt for others, envy, distrust, pride and selfishness.Taking all of these Christian perspectives into consideration I believe that they all have their Christian morals but they have different attitudes to war and different ways of achieving justice. Oscar Romero believed that the innocent should be defended and he wanted peace. He said, Peace is not the product of terror or fear. Peace is not the silence of cemeteries. Peace is not the silent result of violent repression. Peace is the generous, tranquil contribution of all to the good of all. Peace is dynamism. Peace is generosity. It is right and it is duty. Everyone wants peace and justice, but can this be achieved through violence and war?Can nuclear war ever be justified for a Christian?Many Christians also have differing opinions on this controversial issue. Everyone knows of the tragic Hiroshima bombing and if another atomic or nuclear bomb is dropped there would be severe and extreme consequences. We have to ask ourselves, can a nuclear war ever be justified for a Christian?Some Christians think that nuclear war cannot be justified. If a nuclear war broke out, millions of people and perhaps the whole population of the planet would die. Any war in which nuclear weapons are use d could easily become an all-out war. Many Christians think that this would be undoing Gods work as he created the world and us. The effects are disturbing and devastating, thousands of innocent people are killed, lives are ruined, the environment is ruined and future generations would be at risk from the lethal gamma rays and future attacks. These Christians also think that nuclear weapons are so evil that we must disarm them and it is evil even to possess them. The Church condemns total warfare by the use of weapons of mass destruction, such as nuclear weapons. Destroying whole cities or vast areas of land is a crime against God and against humanity, which deserves absolute condemnation. The Catholic Church is against all nuclear war. A report from The Church and the Bomb in 1982 said, The evils caused by this method of making war are greater than any conceivable evil which the war is intended to prevent. This supports the argument that that you cannot achieve good by evil means.F urthermore, if we have nuclear weapons, we would be a target in a nuclear war. The enemies would want to strike first to destroy our nuclear weapons. Then, we would no longer be a threat to them. Nuclear weapons do not defend you against a nuclear attack. There was no defence against that. In Hiroshima, the Americans wanted unconditional surrender through the nuclear warheads and this is also against the Just War theory. However, before the B-29s took off, William Downey, a recognised Chaplain said, Killing is the name of the game; those who dont accept that have to be prepared to accept the alternative Defeat. This can be taken as a reason which justifies war, but it is not a view of all Christians.Even in warfare there has to be Christian morals and limitations. Many Christians think that the excessiveness is not necessary; bombs should be aimed at military camps, not at civilian areas. A survivor of Hiroshima said, All the skin came off my face and then all the skin on my arms a nd hands fell off. The sky was black as night. Many people were blinded and houses were demolished. No one will ever know exactly how many people were killed in Hiroshima. It is said that about 80,000 people died; either of the immediate effects or of exposure to gamma radiation, which killed victims in 20 to 30 days. The Hiroshima city government said that the true death toll was 140,000 by the end of 1945. The Official US Strategic Bombing survey believed that probably more people lost their lives by fire at Tokyo in a 6 hour period than at any time in the history of man. This is shocking and it shows the dramatic and horrendous effects of a nuclear bomb. There are enough nuclear weapons to wipe out all life on earth. If there was 7/8 of a reduction in the worlds nuclear weapons, there would still be enough to obliterate humanity. This illustrates how much nuclear weapons the world has and how much destruction a percentage of it can cause.However, there are some Christians who thi nk that nuclear war can be justified. There are also many arguments in favour of nuclear war. Firstly, many Christians think that the ends justify the means, peace can be achieved by nuclear war but we must make sure that this is genuine peace, not peace of a threatening nature. By using nuclear weapons in war, lives can be saved. After the Hiroshima bombing Stimson said that there would have been more lives lost if there was a long war and what they did saved lives. Nuclear war is quick and effective.Also, there have been no world wars since nuclear bombs were invented, this could be because they are scared to fire at each other in case they miss or because some peace has been found. If there is a war and you break the enemies will to fight, the war would be over and fewer lives would be lost.Taking all of these Christian views into consideration, I think that there are more valid arguments against nuclear war than there are for nuclear war. Even taking one life is serious, so, if a nuclear weapon can kill thousands and thousands of people this is horrific. War is never good; even if it is made shorter it is just as bad as you are doing an act of evil. However, the world will continue to hold nuclear weapons and the supply will continue to build up. We just have to hope that none need to be fired.

OUR BLOOD essays

OUR BLOOD essays Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in our Blood Supply The well-being of the blood supply has always been a vital component of human existence. It is common knowledge that the existing blood supply is deficient to the increasing usage of blood and blood products. Ironically, as the topic of blood donation arises in society, fears and doubts as to how sanitary and healthful the blood of blood donors often surface. For instance, there is much criticism over allowing foreign travelers to Great Britain the opportunity to donate their blood. This criticism stems from the belief that the Great Britain endemic of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE or "Mad Cow Disease") can be physiologically related to the lethal Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Although there is hardly any scientific evidence that supports this allegation, the United States Department of Agriculture and the FDA have introduced strict restrictions concerning the importation of British cattle products and the blood donation of British travelers. Critics, politicians, and the general public often utilize the conjecture of illegitimate facts and myths to shape their opinions concerning BSE. This is fine and great, but I believe a valid opinion on the subject must be backed by significant facts entailing the clinical epidemiology and history of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, its relation to other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), possible transmission to the human species, the causes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and any relationships between BSE and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. My opinion, based on the facts, is what I offer to you. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal brain disease of cattle. BSE is most common in dairy cattle, but not rare in beef cattle either. Cattle affected by BSE experience a progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Infected animals may show changes in behavior such as nervous...

The process of economic development and its effects in China in 1950s Research Proposal

The process of economic development and its effects in China in 1950s - Research Proposal Example e considerable damaged after the war, which became the reason that the food production reduced to approximately 30% lower than the peak level, which was achieved before the war. All these factors lead the Chinese economy in crises and the country had to face the hyperinflationary environment. The Chinese Govt aimed to restore the economy to its normal level within the time span of 3 years. In order to achieve the goal of economic recovery, the Govt started working with full devotion to recover all the losses. The recovery phase began with the reconstruction of the transportation system along with the recovery of other losses such as loss of communication system and invests on farming to recover the natural resources. The central bank of China, which is named as Peoples bank of China, was established in the year 1948 with the responsibility of maintaining the monetary control along with the regulation of all the financial institutions within the jurisdiction of China. During the estab lishment of Peoples Bank of China, the banking system was neither nationalized nor centralized. During the economic recovery phase of China, all the financial institutions were nationalized and centralized. The regulating authority of the banking system remained the Peoples Bank of China. In order to control the high inflation, which was generated due to the effects of the World War II, the Govt of China decided to synchronize the economic structure of China by centralizing the financial market of China (Mark 2013). The purpose of centralizing the banking system was that the monetary system could be unified. The Govt initiated the decisions to control the economy which includes monetary policy and extremely restricted credit facility. Another reason behind such restricted economic policies during the period of 1949 to 1952 was that the Govt had very restricted budget to recover the economy. In addition to this, during the same period Govt was compelled to also manage the